Sleep-Related Effects of Night Shift Work in Nurses Then, we briefly describe the current countermeasures with the ultimate goal of filling the gap between the growing knowledge about the key role of inter-individual variability in response to shift work and the development of effective tailored interventions. First, we critically discuss the recent evidence surrounding the effects of night shift work on nurses, focusing on sleep-related problems and consequences on both individual and institutional levels. This review focuses on the most widespread and studied population in the context of shift work: nursing staff ( Ball et al., 2015). Regardless of the schedule, a complex interaction between internal and external factors explains the adverse consequences on individual wellbeing ( Booker et al., 2018). The most common shift schedule is organized in a continuous rotating fashion, that is, morning, afternoon, and night shifts ( Lin et al., 2014). The International Classification of Sleep Disorders ( American Academy of Sleep Medicine, 2005) estimates that the syndrome known as “shift work disorder” is experienced by 20–30% of shift workers ( Drake et al., 2004 Flo et al., 2012). There is mounting evidence that night shift work has a significant impact on health and performance in medical personnel due to the alteration of natural homeostatic and circadian sleep processes ( Boivin and Boudreau, 2014 Sagherian et al., 2017 Ganesan et al., 2019), which can seriously compromise public safety of both patients and medical staff by increasing the risk of errors and workplace accidents ( Di Muzio et al., 2019 Larsen et al., 2020 Smith et al., 2020). In the healthcare sector, working in shifts ensures the continuity of patient care around the clock. Nowadays, nearly a fifth of the global workforce is engaged in shift work (40% in Europe Ferri et al., 2016 Parent-Thirion et al., 2016). Therefore, the aims of this mini-review are to: (a) provide an updated overview of the literature on sleep problems in night shift nurses and their adverse consequences and (b) critically analyze the psychosocial factors that mediate the negative impact of shift work with the ultimate goal of defining an effective countermeasure based on an individualized approach. Given the predictive role of these factors on the negative impact of a night shift, an individualized intervention could represent an effective countermeasure by ensuring suitable management of shift schedules. In recent years, particular attention has been paid to individual and environmental factors mediating the subjective ability to cope with sleep deprivation during the night shift. A wide range of interventions has been proposed to improve the sleep quality of nurses and promote an increase in attention levels. Sleep problems lead to secondary effects on other aspects of wellbeing and cognitive functioning, increasing the risk of errors and workplace accidents. One of the most injurious effects of night-time shift work is the deterioration of sleep patterns due to both circadian rhythm disruption and increased sleep homeostatic pressure. This scheduling system encompasses several adverse health and performance consequences. Rotating shifts (mostly 8- or 12-h) are common among nurses to ensure continuity of care. 2 Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.1 Body and Action Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy.Valentina Alfonsi 1,2*, Serena Scarpelli 1, Maurizio Gorgoni 2, Mariella Pazzaglia 1,2, Anna Maria Giannini 2 and Luigi De Gennaro 1,2
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